Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Animal Farm Power corrupts free essay sample

Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is a mind boggling book, which passes on a great deal data. The book is fundamentally an equal of the Russian Revolution, yet Orwell additionally composed this book with, as a goal, to comprehend the significant subject: power adulterates. This topic is clearly introduced in the novel, yet to disentangle your comprehension of this article, Napoleon will be utilized for instance of an undermined individual by power. To finish up this presentation, the defilement of Napoleon will be introduced under three angles: Desire, Achievements and supreme force. Untrustworthy by those in power’, in spite of the word reference meaning of the word, debasements could be utilized from various perspectives and settings, here is a model: Napoleon’s, Squealer’s and Snowball’s nature has been adulterated by old Major’s discourse. Just his words and thought undermined the pigs’ nature. Napoleon overlooked what he was and just foreshadowed what he would be as a pioneer. We will compose a custom exposition test on Animal Farm Power taints or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I believe this is the initial step of how force undermines somebody. The longing of intensity causes Napoleon to disregard his own tendency since he just perceives how he could control the ranch. This craving originated from the pigs’ mediocrity to Mr. Jones and to include some more Napoleon was available to be purchased, so his incentive to the homestead proprietor was much increasingly significant. It is a similar story in the reality, with Joseph Stalin and the Tsar Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov or Nicholas II. Stalin was a laborer which from nothing got the total force in light of the fact that the longing that he needed to get it was so huge and did some shrewd moves, much the same as Napoleon. Stalin exploited from the circumstance to escape his work class. This imparts we, mediocre individuals, ‘’hate’’ so much influential people. Not on the grounds that they are on the grounds that we might such a great amount of want to have their spot. This inclination could be summed up with the word envy, want and pride. Let’s return to our pig, just the thought prepared him to take Mr. Jones’ place, by learning the letter set and making animalism as it is said at the page 13 of the novel. Those are two indications demonstrating Napoleon’s debasement thus simply because of an old person who said I had a fantasy! Since the defilement cycle began, our pig, Napoleon is in front of the ‘’temporary government’’ followed with Squealer and Snowball. They assumed responsibility for the cultivate and now get points of interest which will get them connected to their capacity. They presently could do anything from the ranch as they are the main gathering and they have Squealer which is all the purposeful publicity that conceal their exploitative exercises. One of these exercises is expressed at the page 14 when Squealer discloses to the creatures that the pigs need the milk and the apple for their wellbeing, that if the pigs were to become ill Mr. Jones would be back on the ranch. So all the creatures inferred that the milk and the apples will be saved for the pigs. We unmistakably observe that the pigs are currently controlling he others animals, another confirmation that their expectations are again undermined by power as though the pigs wouldn’t had it, they could never had lie to different animals on the ranch. It’s a similar story, in actuality, Stalin and Trotsky, when Nikolay passed on, with the control of the Medias they (Squealer) they set up precisely what they needed. More debased than the others, Stalin even assumed responsibility for one Newspaper and made it the national diary calling it ‘’La Pravda’’ which implies reality in English, by doing so he gets another key to control the populace. This show the ‘’Facette’’ of intensity that everyone might want: the advantages that undermines. Now, our individual, Napoleon has just arrived at a specific degree of debasement as he acquires and more force. The last advance he can reach is, absolutism and to do so he have to dispose of some other pioneer and get another approach to control in spite of Squealer to pick up a definitive force. This is actually what Napoleon will do, by pursuing Snowball off the beguile with the doggies he took from their mom as it is composed at the page 21 of the book. Here we can consider the to be defilement of Napoleon as he presently has all the force he needed, he does anything he needs even what is taboo by the correction, such as drinking liquor or staying in bed beds. In an equal world, it’s a similar story with Joseph Stalin, who banished Trotsky, the main other pioneer that constrained his forces. In the both world this total debasement could be seen due to one detail. The two heads executed to get their whole force with no issue, demonstration that no slave, typical individual or feeble human could manage without getting rebuffed. On a more profound level we can even say that by doing so the pioneers tainted their destiny and spirits since murdering is the best way to ‘’divide’’ in a breaking way your spirit. At last everybody might totally want to get power as it gets you ‘’higher’’ than others, everybody would appreciate it as it gets you benefits lastly everybody might want to be upon every other person as it’s human instinct. The force truly defiles and one of the fundamental reasons is that man will consistently need more: let’s take a person in a Porsche stopping alongside a Honda metro, he will feel better yet he realize his capacity is constrained as the man at the cross light giggles in his Ferrari however even him feels restricted when he see that family passing by on their yacht at port. Indeed, even them when they are getting a charge out of the sun will see a personal jet taking off they will realize that the individual inside is significantly progressively ground-breaking. This cycle will never end on the grounds that even the proprietor of this personal jet will feel substandard compared to the person in the space station with his jokester nose. This lone gives us that force adulterates in light of the fact that men will consistently need more as feeling, for example, bliss aren’t expected to be created with properties material and force.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Cultural Web Concept or Paradigm of an Organization

Question: Compose an article on Cultural web. Answer: Social web is the exhibition of underestimated idea or worldview of an association It shows the social snare of any association. The daily schedule and customs alludes to the status quo done inside and remotely to the association. The narratives are the one told as history and the images alludes to companys logos. The force structures are related with the association convictions and control framework alludes to the way of observing. Finally, authoritative structure shows whether it is various leveled or decentralized structure (Sulkowski 2014). The La Trobe University is a Multi-grounds inquire about University in Australia. The authoritative structure of La Trobe is progressive with the Chancellor and Registrar at the top and executives and Professors at the base. The control arrangement of La Trobe is planned through standards and guideline towards the administration of the understudies, staffs, confirmation and instructive procedure. Inward review is done intermittently for viable upkeep of records. The daily practice and ceremonies of La Trobe University alludes to the diverse course structures that are characterized on routine premise and the customs for confirmations techniques that are followed. This daily practice and customs should be changed occasionally with the changing necessity for the instructive development of the nation. The control framework can't be changed every now and again and ought to be profound attached to the structure of the association for the development and advancement of the University. Other piece of worldview, similar to stories, images and force frameworks are commonly taken according to the framework and are not really liable to changes (Currie and Mace 2014). References Currie, T.E. also, Mace, R., 2014. Development of social characteristics happens at comparative relative rates in various world districts. Procedures of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 281(1795), p.20141622. Sulkowski, L., 2014. From Fundamentalistic to Pluralistic Epistemology of Organizational Culture. Tamara Journal of Critical Organization Inquiry, 12(4), p.59.

Monday, August 10, 2020

Materialism and Shopping Addictions

Materialism and Shopping Addictions Addiction Addictive Behaviors Shopping Print Materialism and Shopping Addictions By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Updated on April 25, 2019 Michael H/Getty Images More in Addiction Addictive Behaviors Shopping Caffeine Internet Sex Alcohol Use Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery What is the definition of materialism? Understanding this concept is important when it comes to examining shopping addictions. In capitalist societies such as the United States, where consumerism not only runs rampant but is encouraged to boost the economy, materialism is a serious problem. The Nuts and Buts of Materialism Simply put, materialism is the importance one places on material possessions. These possessions could be anything, such as clothes, shoes, handbags, cars, electronic equipment, and gadgets. Ones home also counts as a material possession, even though everyone needs a place to live. Materialistic people dont view a home as simply a place that they dwell in for shelter but a place that reflects their social status in some way. Someone with a high level of materialism, described as materialistic, considers material possessions to be central to their life and their identity. They focus a good deal of their energy on acquiring possessions. Someone with a low level of materialism described as non-materialistic, or not materialistic, does not consider acquiring possessions to be particularly important, although they vary in the extent to which they acquire material possessions in order to meet other objectives, such as social acceptance. Why Materialism Is Such a Problem   In the United States, materialism is as American as apple pie and football. It is in many ways a national pastime. The Thanksgiving holiday has largely been overshadowed by Black Friday sales and many department stores even hold sales on Thanksgiving itself, spawning the phrase Brown Thursday. In short, a day that was supposed to focus on gratitude, family and, yes, football, to an extent, is now largely centered on department store sales.   Materialism has spawned other terms such as shopaholic, keeping up with the Joneses, and conspicuous consumption. Its difficult not to be materialistic in a culture where shopping is virtually a competitive sport and where children are ostracized if theyre not wearing the right gym shoes or brand name clothes. The rise of online shopping, which has its own holiday shortly after Thanksgiving, Cyber Monday, has in many ways made it more convenient to shop and easier to become a shopping addict. One neednt leave the house to consume but simply click a button. Consequences   Materialism has a number of consequences, namely debt. Millions of Americans wind up in thousands of dollars of debt after excessive holiday shopping, extravagant weddings, and too much shopping all year round. Materialism may also affect ones self-esteem. Rather than getting their self-worth from their accomplishments or unique traits, shopping addicts may feel valuable based on what they ownâ€"a fancy car, a luxurious home or an expensive handbag. Materialism can also lead to hoarding, although in this disorder people may collect items that have no worth at allâ€"such as stacks of newspapers, buttons or other items viewed as junk. Still, when people hoard, they place an emotional attachment to material items rather than turning inward to meet their needs. If you have a problem with materialism, you may need to consult a psychotherapist about how you can overcome your tendency to shop too much.   Get Support With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Standard Solution Definition - Chemistry Glossary

A standard solution is any chemical solution which has a precisely known concentration. Similarly, a solution of known concentration has been standardized. To prepare a standard solution, a known mass of solute is dissolved and the solution is diluted to a precise volume. Standard solution concentration is usually expressed in terms of molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). Not all substances are suitable solutes for standard solutions. The reagent must be stable, pure, and preferably of high molecular weight. Source Freiser, Henry; Nancollas, George H. (1987). Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature: Definitive Rules 1987. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. p. 48. ISBN 0-632-01907-7.

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Clifford s Views On Religion - 1488 Words

Clifford makes an excellent point that we should take into consideration all beliefs and ethics. But his philosophy that â€Å"it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence† is a little harsh for me. On the other hand James’ more faith-filled philosophy based on his view of religion, recognizing facts and the truth and how the choices we make in our lives effect us everyday are some of the more relatable ethics that we can apply in our daily lives and to give us some guidance in a life full of so many choices. As we know many people have a stance on religion just like WK Clifford who has a very strong view about religion, but some do not agree. William James for examples thinks that, Clifford’s principles should be not to be applied to religious beliefs because as he points out moral questions cannot simply be settled by the facts. James argues that we have a right to believe in some cases, when supporting evidence may be lacking. James sees the basic idea of religion as having two parts that the best things are the eternal things, and that you will be better off in the here and now if you believe this. An example of something we almost all believe in without sufficient evidence, is the emotions we feel often every day. The many emotions we feel everyday such as happiness, anger, or even sympathy are very often morally relevant to us. Emotions are not settled by facts we just feel them and for sometimes no reason at all. LikeShow MoreRelatedDoes Clifford Offer a Convincing View of Religious Faith1803 Words   |  8 PagesDoes Clifford offer a convincing view of religious faith? In his article â€Å"The Ethics of Belief (Clifford, 1877) W.K. Clifford sought to argue that â€Å"it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence† (as cited on p190). The aim of this essay is to establish whether indeed this view offered by Clifford, when considering religious faith, is convincing. In order to do this I will consider the arguments that Clifford put forward, including that which toRead MoreDefining Religion1029 Words   |  5 PagesWhen searching for the meaning of the term religion one most go a long way in making an extensive search to actually form a definition that can fit such a broad word. There is no one definition that can satisfy all religions and remain true to all religions throughout its answer. There are many different views and definitions of the word and it is very hard to come up with a reasonable definition that sums such a massive expression up. Religion when used as a single word is almost im possible to defineRead MoreThe Will You Believe By William James1424 Words   |  6 Pages In the essay â€Å"The Will to Believe†, William James criticizes the views of W.K Clifford, who held the belief that no one should ever go beyond evidence when forming an opinion. James thinks that our reasoning has to sometimes use other considerations apart from what the evidence points to. He claims that if our primary aim is to have true beliefs, then we sometimes have to take the risk of believing without strong evidence and let our passion decide or we are guaranteed to believe in the wrongRead MoreThe Revival of Indigenous Movements1862 Words   |  7 Pagesrelic of the past, although relativists and cultural realists like Clifford Geertz have always been able to accept cultures and ways of life on their own terms rather than trying to fit them into rigid laws and frameworks of social and economic development. Even Durkheim and Marx, who regarded urban, industrial capitalism as producing a society of anomie, alienation and isolated individuals did not advocate a return to traditional religion or the feudal or tribal past, but instead for progress towardRead MoreThe American Colonies : How They Shaped Societies And Politics1242 Words   |  5 PagesMatthew Blake Kimberly Taft History 131 24 July 2015 Religion in the American Colonies: How They Shaped Societies and Politics. The main reason so many immigrants fled from Europe was to free themselves from religious persecution. They were being forced to either believe a certain way or pay for a specific religion to be in their country, they were not allowed to believe or practice their beliefs openly without detriment of some sort. The New World was new and had endless possibility and opportunityRead MoreBuddhism : Buddhism Vs. Christianity1247 Words   |  5 Pagesan active role in religion. According to Clifford Geertz, religion can be defined as â€Å"a system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive and long lasting moods and motivations in both men and women by formulating conceptions of general order of existence†. Every religion has some assembly of rituals and/or symbols that help form and shape its practices. However, do some religions have more rituals and symbols than others? When comparing Buddhism to my own religion, Christianity, BuddhismRead MoreAnalysis Of Meanings A nd Concepts Of Culture Essay1422 Words   |  6 Pagescapacity to influence the human behaviour. This takes us back to the ancient Greece, where culture was something you could only learn and so possible only to the upper range population. An important definition of cultures that from the anthropologist Clifford Geertz, whereby culture is a structure of meanings historically transmitted in a system of conceptions inherited expressed in symbolic forms with which people communicate, perpetuate and develop their own knowledge and their attitudes toward lifeRead MoreDo Religion, Spirituality And Health Concepts Have Any Relationship?1632 Words   |  7 PagesDo religion, spirituality and health concepts have any relationship? This this the question that comes to mind when measuring influence of religious identity and participation in health and illness responses. A lot of controversies were noted due to lack of consensus when researchers attempted to define and conceptualize religion (Koenig, King Carson, 2012). Online search through publications such as, online dictionary, CINAHL Plus, E-Journal yielded distinctive, but unrelated results. Merriam-WebsterRead MoreThe Reason Why La Tomatina893 Words   |  4 Pagesit is messy and people get hurt if they slip over. In this special celebration, there is no political or religion importance to La Tomatina. In 1980, the organization of the festival became the responsibility of the town. Soon this celebration became internationally considerable and highly broadcasted by the use of international media. In the beginning, it was forbidden in the early 1950 s but people spoke and the celebration was allowed with more contestants and more frenetic feelings. The festivityRead MoreEssay on John Adams and Thomas Jefferson1726 Words   |  7 Pages Adams and Jefferson shared the same view in advocating for reconciliation and calling for Americans to stand up for their independence because they both believed that the country could not be able to progress under ruling of Britain.[3] Adams and Jefferson also together supported the bill of rights in order to protect citizens and other government’s members from presidents’ having limitless power and becoming â€Å"tyrants.†[4] The many common political views shared between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

“More than our brother is our chastity”. How far do you find yourself able to condone Isabella’s point of view Free Essays

John 15:13 says: â€Å"Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends†. In the traditional Christian Elizabethan society; this sentiment would have been revered; Shakespeare’s Puritanical and Catholic audiences would have loved the ideas of self-sacrifice and the immediate ascension into heaven. However, in Measure for Measure, Shakespeare manages to challenge this verse; he manipulates the situations and then causes the audience to digest the complexity of the verse, and causes the audience to question whether Isabella’s estimation that fornicating to save the life of another is not only morally wrong and a direct rebuttal of Jesus’ sentiment; but a damning sin. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"More than our brother is our chastity†. How far do you find yourself able to condone Isabella’s point of view or any similar topic only for you Order Now Isabella’s introduction into the play arouses intrigue in audiences and readers, as she is described as having a â€Å"speechless dialect/Such as move men†; so it is expected that audiences and readers would be waiting with bated breath fro Isabella to meet Angelo; and Shakespeare does not disappoint. The scene is written in blank verse, with unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter; Isabella first line is not quite metrically even; the word honour cannot be properly stressed, and that falter changes the rhythm of her speech. Her second speech leaves a gap in which Angelo inserts a terse question; almost as if the incomplete pentameter forces Angelo to reply. That first break in rhythm changes the dynamics of Isabelle’s interaction with Angelo. Shakespeare purposefully does this in order to use language and rhythm to convey the intensity of the relationship instantly forged between them; in particular the way the metre swaps between the two speakers. Later in the scene, the roles are reversed. On line 51, the position of the words in the pentameter undermines their stated meaning: while the words themselves speak of a certainty and finality, the rhythm is half-finished; in which Isabella can – metrically must- reopen the argument; although Angelo’s words say there is nor room for argument, he does not, at some level, want to dismiss the argument entirely; The language of the scene shows the extent to which they are aware of each other. So from the beginning of their interaction readers and audiences alike are left to question if this awareness is befitting of a novice nun. Conversely, Isabella may be seen as a model of some aspects of Christian virtue in ‘Measure for Measure’, and her opposition to giving up her virginity an extension of her inherent virtue. For instance, in Act 2 Scene 2, Isabella’s dialogue with Angelo expresses her quality of mercy, as although Claudio’s sexual transgression is â€Å"a vice that I do most abhor†, Isabella argues that Angelo â€Å"might pardon him, / And neither heaven nor man grieve at the mercy. Furthermore she connects this value directly to God and her religion; â€Å"Why all the souls that were, were forfeit once/ And he that might the vantage best have took/ Found out the remedy. † This opposes Angelo’s strict adherence to the secular laws of Vienna. His speeches in this scene make repeated references to his view of the law as immobile, such as â€Å"Your brother is a forfeit of the law/ And you but waste your words. He does not address the moral issues surround ing Claudio’s crime, and the dry legal connotations of his language may seem to lack sympathy or mercy; this contrasts with Isabella’s emotive language and religious allusions. This juxtaposition may have provided Shakespeare’s original audiences with an interesting and current rhetorical debate, as the laws of the church and England’s common laws were sometimes distinct and contradictory, causing moral and legal conflict. Moreover, the laws at the time were concerned with principles of justice, but did not often consider mercy, which was thought to be a religious virtue. Therefore, the characters of Isabella and Angelo may be intended to represent the two sides of this debate. Similarly, in John Webster’s ‘The Duchess of Malfi† The Duchess is portrayed as character who breaks the traditional Elizabethan revenge plot by to speak and act with the freedom of normal, albeit impulsive human beings. The Duchess is portrayed as sensual and aware of her sexuality, but is still able to become the embodiment of Christian virtue. In some ways Isabella and the Duchess are strikingly similar, but where The Duchess is overtly sexual, Isabella – like Angelo, has a moral compass that causes her to view situations as either Black or White, with no in-between {Insert quotation here} Isabella may therefore represent the difficulties of being a model of virtue, and of holding strict values of chastity and restraint whilst upholding sometimes contrasting principles of mercy and compassion. These themes would have been relevant in Jacobean society, as puritan values – which Isabella’s devotion may represent – were becoming increasingly influential politically and socially, for instance the theatres of the suburbs were at times closed by puritan intervening. Furthermore, the play’s genre of problem play allows for moral dilemmas to be raised and viewed from both sides. Therefore although seems to Isabella demonstrate a struggle to become ideally virtuous, it cannot be said definitively whether she succeeds as Angelo brings to light an equally challenging view â€Å"Is there no charity in sin? † However, it could be argued that modern values make it difficult for todays’ audience and readers to full grasp the gravity of Isabella’s situation. A similar story to ‘Measure for Measure’ is outlined in the Elizabethan novella â€Å"Eptia and Juriste† by Giraldi Cintho; in which Juriste is appointed governor of Innsbruck. He sentences a young man Vico to death; and like Angelo, Juriste propositions Epitia for sexual favours in exchange for her brother’s life, hinting that he might even marry her later. Epitia refuses indignantly â€Å"My brother’s life† she says with noble fierceness â€Å"is indeed very dear to me, but my honour is far dearer: my life I would willingly lose to save his, but I will not preserve him with my honour† so it could be argued that dilemma’s like this were popular and scintillating with Elizabethan audiences, as they understood the true depth of both women’s situations. Unfortunately, the representation of Isabella’s religious devotion may appear – to some readers and audiences; humorous in its extremes, such as when in Act 1 Scene 4 she wishes for â€Å"a more strict restraint† even than â€Å"the votarists of St Claire†, a Catholic order that Shakespeare’s audiences may have recognised as following rigorous rules of poverty. Furthermore, Isabella’s devotion to chastity may place her on what seems like a moral highroad unachievable by most, and this may causes an audience to question or disapprove of her character. However, although Isabella’s resilient chastity may have therefore seemed virtuous, her direct language: â€Å"Better it were a brother died at once† could seem unsympathetic and her use of the pronoun â€Å"our† in her proclamation â€Å"more than our brother is our chastity† could be seen as unemotional and an attempt to depersonalise he situation; making it harder for audiences and readers alike to empathise with her. Although, the argument of Isabella’s lack of sympathy for Claudio could be countered with her argument that Angelo should put himself in Claudio’s place: â€Å"Go to your bosom, / Knock there, and ask your heart what it doth know/ That’s like my brother’s fault†. ; the emphasis on the shifting pronouns enacts the level of syntax, the act of identification she seeks to prompt. Also, it may be significant that Isabella sticks to her values of chastity even though it involves emotional upheaval, whereas Angelo, when he discovers he is not the legal and moral puritan he had previously thought himself to abandons his values completely and becomes a tyrant, exploiting both the law and the other characters for his own benefit, saying: â€Å"I have begun, /And now I give my sensual race the rein. † So, while Angelo is portrayed as occupying the same if not higher moral ground that Isabella, his fall from grace is well documented and juxtaposed against Isabella – who sometimes unethical but never immoral, it shows that Isabella’s strength lies I her unwavering moral compass, and easily giving over her virtue would be untrue of her character. This is portrays especially well in Act 2 Scene 4, where Angelo asks â€Å"who would believe thee Isabel? â€Å". Here Shakespeare’s use of the rhetorical question emphasises Angelo’s power over Isabella, in that he is relying on his â€Å"unsoiled name† to protect him from prosecution. The imagery of the â€Å"unsoiled† name implies that Angelo’s power stems from his past reputation, in that no one would believe that he would be capable of succumbing to the same weaknesses as other’s. This point is mirrored in the â€Å"Duchess of Malfi† in which the Cardinal places his power in his reputation as no one expects him to be a fornicator as his position supposedly attests to his morality. In conclusion, Isabella’s conflict in the play has a deep moral centre. She wants to become a nun, but can only save her brother’s life by surrendering her chastity to Angelo. When she says, â€Å"More than our brother is our chastity† I believe she is not being cruel or selfish, but trying very hard to adhere to an ingrained sense morality, and unlike many characters in the play, she sticks to her values and her faith; and this might seem foreign even to some Elizabethan audiences, as in some cases, representations of women of this time can be seen as being limited to idolised virgins, or sexual women who were often demonised as whores. So, because Isabella is not a perfect religious ideal, but as a woman with flaws who is placed in a difficult situation, and tries to achieve the best outcome; it is easy to respect her. How to cite â€Å"More than our brother is our chastity†. How far do you find yourself able to condone Isabella’s point of view, Papers

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Tip of the Iceberg free essay sample

Tip of the Iceberg Kaplan University GB500: Business Perspectives Professor Boam January 2, 2012 Case Analysis: Tip of the Iceberg The Tip of the Iceberg is a humorous story that describes how unseen forces can affect the outcomes of a situation. The penguins lived on a small iceberg which hovered over a huge clam bed. The clam bed beneath the iceberg could provide food for the all of the penguins living on the iceberg for years to come. However, the clam bed was essentially useless because the penguins could not dive deep enough beneath the iceberg to retrieve the clams, but the walruses that lived nearby could. So, the penguins devised a system that could help them with their goal of harvesting the clam bed. The system included the iceberg, the clam bed, the penguins, and the walruses. The purpose of the system was to produce a new food source for both penguins and walruses (Hutchens, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Tip of the Iceberg or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The penguins met with the walruses and negotiated a protocol that basically stated that the walruses would harvest the clams and in return could eat all of the clams that they wanted but couldn’t eat the penguins. The system developed by the penguins sought stability by inviting the walruses to harvest the clams so penguins would never have to endure another harsh winter without food. Initially the system worked well and everyone was happy. The walruses brought up the clams and both walruses and penguins had plenty to eat. Other penguins heard about the iceberg and the â€Å"all-you-can eat† protocol between the walruses and penguins and soon showed up to enjoy the tasty clams. The penguins recruited more walruses so they could harvest even more clams and more penguins came to the iceberg. The system had entered a reinforcing process that escalated into a virtuous cycle. All of this worked well for a while, but soon infighting between the walruses and penguins occurred. Reports that walruses had sat on penguins caused many penguins to leave the iceberg. At first, it was thought that the infighting could be attributed to bad anners and citizenship (Hutchens, l. 172). To resolve the infighting, the penguins brought in a management consultant and urged everyone to attend sensitivity training. They also sent out memos reminding walruses to look before sitting, but none of this worked and even more penguins left the iceberg. Word soon spread throughout the region about the infighting and flattening o f penguins and neither penguins nor walruses came to the iceberg. The number of clams decreased because the number of walruses decreased and the appeal of the once popular iceberg was lost. The penguins were at a loss, they could not figure out what was wrong or how their well-intentioned efforts had led to such a social upheaval. Their initial efforts to resolve the infighting had resulted in even more chaos. The penguins reviewed their system and finally realized that they had not considered the iceberg in their system. The added weight created by recruiting even more walruses to retrieve clams had brought even more penguins to their tiny iceberg and caused the iceberg to start sinking. Disorder in the system had occurred, and the penguins were unable to recognize or interpret the feedback (Hutchens, 2011). Because the penguins did not immediately recognize the feedback, they were unable to take corrective action in a timely manner. The penguins had become trapped in a virtuous cycle where they believed that they were meeting their original goal of harvesting the clams and providing food for everyone just as they had promised. They continued to push the system and mistakenly believed that they had not reached the full capacity of the system (Hutchens, l. 74). They originally thought that they could increase the number of clams harvested if they invited more walruses to the iceberg. However, what they didn’t consider was how the population growth would affect the iceberg. The penguins failed to truly understand the system that they had created. Once they realized that the iceberg was sinking they took action.

Tuesday, March 24, 2020

Resilience Essay for Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand free essay sample

Resilience is a word that few people know of and even fewer people possess it as a character trait. It means to be able to bounce back from something quickly. It can be developed from a tragic event that happened in one’s life or even a series of events that would break down a normal person. Resilience is a trait possessed by these four people who have definitely encountered and are still living through life changing events. Those four people are Laura Hillenbrand, Louis Zamperini, Russell Phillips, and Fred Garrett. Laura Hillenbrand is becoming a world sensation after writing her bestselling book, Unbroken. Sure she may seem like she is living the dream life with thousands of people buying her books every day, but what most people do not know about her is that she suffers from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a disease that drains all energy from the body and leaves it feeling lifeless and overly tired. We will write a custom essay sample on Resilience Essay for Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The disease keeps her on bed rest for many of her days but she still finds time to write bestselling novels. She is resilient in that because even though she is living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, she does not let it stop her from living her life and doing what she loves. She developed the disease while on a road trip with her boyfriend and other friends. They were driving along a highway when a deer began to step into the road. The car barely missed the deer by a few inches. Later that night a meteor came streaking across the sky. She was the only one who saw it. She then became very nauseous. Her boyfriend thought she had food poisoning but he would later learn that she had developed CFS, or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Louis Zamperini is a World War Two veteran and the main character of Laura Hillenbrand’s bestselling novel, Unbroken. Louis was born on January 26, 1917. As a child, he was constantly on the go and causing trouble. It did not matter how many times he was caught, he always went back to wreaking havoc on the streets of Torrance, California, the town where he grew up. By doing so, he developed resilience. When he was a teenager, he ran track for his high school team. He then went to the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany on the United States track team. While in Berlin, a group on opposing runners boxed him in during a meet and cut his legs all to pieces using the pikes on the bottom of their cleats. He never let that stop him. He managed to bounce right back. When he went into the U. S. Air Corps, a plane he was on called, The Green Hornet, crashed into the middle of the Pacific. He and two other men were the only survivors. It was forty-seven days before he saw land again. That did not break him either. He was captured as a prisoner of war in Japan where he was beaten, starved, and he contracted many diseases. He pulled through and returned to his normal state upon arrival back on United States soil. Russell Phillips was a pilot for crew number eight in the nine-crew 372nd bomb squadron of the 307th bomb group, seventh Air Force. He flew the plane that carried Louis Zamperini. Phillips was born in Greencastle, Indiana, in 1916. When he was a boy, he was a lot like Louis. He was quiet on the outside but inside he had a wild streak. When he was in ROTC, his captain called him the lousiest-looking soldier. He never let that get him down. He proved to be a fine airman. He flew his airmen to through very dangerous bombings and all survived but one. He survived the crashing of The Green Hornet along with two others. He then survived forty-seven days in a raft floating through the Pacific with Louis and a man named Mac. Like Louis, Phillips survived the prisoner of war camps and took all of the beatings. He would not be broken by the Japanese. He too bounced back from the trauma. A good friend of both Louis and Russell was enrolled as an airman for the United States Air Force. He was an amputee with only one leg. He lost it upon his arrival in a Japanese prisoner of war camp. He injured it and it soon became badly infected. Because of this, a Japanese doctor amputated his leg off at the knee. He was able to show resilience though and recovered rather quickly. He also was a resilient survivor of the prisoner of war camps. Now all of these people are resilient in one way or another. Some were told they would never make it. Another is fighting a disease. One has a physical disability. Others were beaten down further than any human being should be. After all that they have been through, at the end of the day, they remain unbroken. Resilience Essay for Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand free essay sample Resilience is a word that few people know of and even fewer people possess it as a character trait. It means to be able to bounce back from something quickly. It can be developed from a tragic event that happened in one’s life or even a series of events that would break down a normal person. Resilience is a trait possessed by these four people who have definitely encountered and are still living through life changing events. Those four people are Laura Hillenbrand, Louis Zamperini, Russell Phillips, and Fred Garrett. Laura Hillenbrand is becoming a world sensation after writing her bestselling book, Unbroken. Sure she may seem like she is living the dream life with thousands of people buying her books every day, but what most people do not know about her is that she suffers from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a disease that drains all energy from the body and leaves it feeling lifeless and overly tired. We will write a custom essay sample on Resilience Essay for Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The disease keeps her on bed rest for many of her days but she still finds time to write bestselling novels. She is resilient in that because even though she is living with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, she does not let it stop her from living her life and doing what she loves. She developed the disease while on a road trip with her boyfriend and other friends. They were driving along a highway when a deer began to step into the road. The car barely missed the deer by a few inches. Later that night a meteor came streaking across the sky. She was the only one who saw it. She then became very nauseous. Her boyfriend thought she had food poisoning but he would later learn that she had developed CFS, or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Louis Zamperini is a World War Two veteran and the main character of Laura Hillenbrand’s bestselling novel, Unbroken. Louis was born on January 26, 1917. As a child, he was constantly on the go and causing trouble. It did not matter how many times he was caught, he always went back to wreaking havoc on the streets of Torrance, California, the town where he grew up. By doing so, he developed resilience. When he was a teenager, he ran track for his high school team. He then went to the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, Germany on the United States track team. While in Berlin, a group on opposing runners boxed him in during a meet and cut his legs all to pieces using the pikes on the bottom of their cleats. He never let that stop him. He managed to bounce right back. When he went into the U. S. Air Corps, a plane he was on called, The Green Hornet, crashed into the middle of the Pacific. He and two other men were the only survivors. It was forty-seven days before he saw land again. That did not break him either. He was captured as a prisoner of war in Japan where he was beaten, starved, and he contracted many d iseases. He pulled through and returned to his normal state upon arrival back on United States soil. Russell Phillips was a pilot for crew number eight in the nine-crew 372nd bomb squadron of the 307th bomb group, seventh Air Force. He flew the plane that carried Louis Zamperini. Phillips was born in Greencastle, Indiana, in 1916. When he was a boy, he was a lot like Louis. He was quiet on the outside but inside he had a wild streak. When he was in ROTC, his captain called him the lousiest-looking soldier. He never let that get him down. He proved to be a fine airman. He flew his airmen to through very dangerous bombings and all survived but one. He survived the crashing of The Green Hornet along with two others. He then survived forty-seven days in a raft floating through the Pacific with Louis and a man named Mac. Like Louis, Phillips survived the prisoner of war camps and took all of the beatings. He would not be broken by the Japanese. He too bounced back from the trauma. A good friend of both Louis and Russell was enrolled as an airman for the United States Air Force. He was an amputee with only one leg. He lost it upon his arrival in a Japanese prisoner of war camp. He injured it and it soon became badly infected. Because of this, a Japanese doctor amputated his leg off at the knee. He was able to show resilience though and recovered rather quickly. He also was a resilient survivor of the prisoner of war camps. Now all of these people are resilient in one way or another. Some were told they would never make it. Another is fighting a disease. One has a physical disability. Others were beaten down further than any human being should be. After all that they have been through, at the end of the day, they remain unbroken.

Friday, March 6, 2020

Cómo preparar entrevista remoción condiciones greencard

Cà ³mo preparar entrevista remocià ³n condiciones greencard La entrevista para la remocià ³n de las condiciones de la tarjeta de residencia es un requisito fundamental para convertir en definitiva la green card provisional del cà ³nyuge de un ciudadano estadounidense. Cabe destacar que dicha entrevista solo es necesaria en aquellos casos en los que el migrante recibià ³ la tarjeta de residencia con carcter condicional porque se le aprobà ³ cuando llevaba casado con el ciudadano americano menos de 2 aà ±os.   Esta residencia tambià ©n se conoce con el nombre de CR-1. En otras palabras, esto quiere decir que si los cà ³nyuges ya llevaban 2 aà ±os de casados cuando el esposo/o extranjero recibià ³ la residencia, dicha green card fue ya definitiva y no es necesario hacer este trmite. Entrevista remocià ³n condiciones de green card Solo los cà ³nyuges de ciudadanos estadounidenses que recibieron su green card antes de cumplir dos aà ±os de casados deben solicitar la remocià ³n de condiciones para convertir su tarjeta de residencia en definitiva.La entrevista a los cà ³nyuges por parte de un oficial migratorio es una pieza fundamental en el proceso de remocià ³n de dichas condiciones. La finalidad es convencer al oficial de que se trata de un matrimonio real y no de uno de conveniencia por los papeles.Si la pareja ya se ha divorciado o se ha separado las opciones para que el cà ³nyuge extranjero obtenga la green card definitiva se reducen notablemente, pero hay algunas posibilidades.  ¿Cà ³mo se inicia la remocià ³n de las condiciones de la green card? Debe solicitarse la remocià ³n de las condiciones 90 dà ­as antes de que expire la green card condicional, que tiene fecha de expiracià ³n de dos aà ±os a contar desde la fecha de su aprobacià ³n. Para ello el trmite se inicia completando la planilla I-751. Durante este proceso una de las piezas fundamentales es la entrevista ante un oficial migratorio y a la que deben acudir ambos cà ³nyuges.  ¿Quà © se puede hacer si la fecha de la cita para la entrevista resulta inconveniente? En determinadas circunstancias, Inmigracià ³n puede admitir un cambio en la fecha. Estas son las reglas sobre cà ³mo solicitarlo si no se puede acudir a la cita con el USCIS.  ¿Cunto dura la entrevista para la tarjeta de residencia por matrimonio? La entrevista por parte de un oficial de inmigracià ³n al matrimonio formado por un ciudadano/a americano/a y su esposo o mujer extranjero dura, de media, de diez a quince minutos. Se debe responder de manera concisa a las preguntas. Es altamente recomendable no hablar de asuntos sobre los que no se ha preguntado, entre otras cosas, para evitar problemas por hablar en exceso. Si el oficial  de inmigracià ³n necesita una aclaracià ³n o ms datos, asà ­ lo dir.  ¿Hay algà ºn tipo de preguntas estndar para la entrevista para la green card por matrimonio? En realidad, no existe un listado de preguntas estndar, aunque siempre se pregunta por la fecha de la à ºltima entrada a Estados Unidos por parte del cà ³nyuge extranjero. Asimismo, son tà ­picas las preguntas sobre dà ³nde se conocieron, el nombre de los hermanos de ambos y ciertas cosas personales, sin entrar en la intimidad de la pareja ni tampoco asuntos rebuscados. Tambià ©n pueden preguntar sobre el hogar familiar, las familias respectivas, etc. Este es un ejemplo de 65 preguntas que pueden hacer en la entrevista, pero el oficial migratorio puede preguntar cualquier cosa que estime pertinente y que le sirva para determinar si se trata de un matrimonio de buena fe.  ¿Quà © documentacià ³n debe llevarse a la entrevista? Para ingresar al edificio donde tendr lugar la entrevista es necesario llevar un I.D. oficial emitido por el gobierno. En el caso del ciudadano estadounidense puede ser la licencia de manejar, pasaporte, identificacià ³n militar, etc. En el caso del cà ³nyuge extranjero se admite su pasaporte, aunque està © expirado. Adems, es necesario llevar el original de toda la documentacià ³n de la que se envià ³ fotocopia cuando se realizà ³ la aplicacià ³n. El fin es que el oficial de inmigracià ³n pueda comparar el original con la copia. Asimismo, debe llevarse original y fotocopia)de documentos que no existà ­an en el momento en el que se envià ³ la solicitud de tarjeta de residencia para el cà ³nyuge extranjero. Por ejemplo, ya que se trata de un matrimonio, puede suceder que hayan sido padres de un nià ±o o una nià ±a despuà ©s de la solicitud. Entonces debe llevarse copia oficial del acta de nacimiento y fotocopia de la misma. Tambià ©n deben llevarse al dà ­a la documentacià ³n sobre pago de impuestos, ingresos, etc. Asimismo, llevar fotocopias en color de las fotografà ­as de la pareja colocadas en grupos de dos o tres en una misma hoja, seà ±alando los nombres de los que aparecen en las mismas, fecha en la que fueron tomadas y lugar. Es muy recomendable que alguna de ellas tenga como objeto reuniones familiares. Se puede llevar el lbum de bodas, pero no hay que fotocopiarlo.  ¿Quà © puede suceder tras la entrevista? Es posible que se notifique justo despuà ©s de la entrevista que ha tenido lugar la remocià ³n de ls condiciones, pero es ms comà ºn es que el oficial de inmigracià ³n decida notificar por correo. Tambià ©n puede ocurrir que se solicite ms documentacià ³n. En este caso entregar a la pareja una hoja con el listado de documentos que faltan y el plazo mximo para enviarlos. Para evitar problemas es recomendable enviarlos por correo certificado en la que quede constancia de la fecha. Y por supuesto que el oficial de inmigracià ³n puede negar la peticià ³n de la tarjeta de residencia porque cree que puede tratarse de un fraude, en otras palabras, un matrimonio falso para conseguir los papeles. En este caso, puede haber consecuencias legales, adems de no obtener la green card.  ¿Quà © sucede cuando la pareja se separa antes de la entrevista? Por razones varias, el matrimonio puede separarse o divorciarse antes de que la tarjeta de residencia se convierta en definitiva. En la mayorà ­a de los casos eso significar que el migrante se quedar sin la tarjeta de residencia y deber abandonar Estados Unidos a menos que cuenta con otra cobertura legal que le permita mantener un estatus migratorio legal en el paà ­s. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que en determinadas ocasiones hay opciones para el cà ³nyuge extranjero para que pueda obtener una tarjeta de residencia definitiva. a pesar del divorcio, si se cumplen una serie de requisitos. A tener en cuenta: ventajas e inconvenientes de matrimonio con ciudadano Los cà ³nyuges de ciudadanos americanos pueden solicitar la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n a los tres aà ±os de convertirse en residentes permanentes. A diferencia de lo que ocurre con el resto de los inmigrantes, que deben esperar cinco aà ±os. Por otro lado, casarse con un estadounidense no garantiza ni parar un procedimiento de deportacià ³n ni que se pueda sacar  la green card. La situacià ³n es complicada en los casos en los que el cà ³nyuge extranjero ingresà ³ a EE.UU. cruzando ilegalmente la frontera. Tambià ©n tienen un problema serio los migrantes que han sido condenados por alguna felonà ­a. En estos casos, lo recomendable es asesorarse con un buen abogado migratorio y ver si se podrà ­a calificar para un perdà ³n provisional o, si no es posible, cules son las posibles opciones. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Tuesday, February 18, 2020

Case study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Case study - Term Paper Example idemiologically, modifying hypotheses, if needed, comparing and reconciling with laboratory and/or environmental studies, implementing control and prevention measures, monitoring, and publishing or presenting findings In cases of gastrointestinal illness, such as the one given, there are a lot of differential diagnoses. Esophageal symptoms, although commonly due to gastroesophageal reflux disease and large idiopathic ulcers, can also be caused by Candida, Cytomegalovirus or Herpes simplex infection. Diarrhea, on the other hand, is usually by idiopathic/HIV enteropathy, or infection by Cytomegalovirus, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, and Giardia lamblia. Meanwhile, hepatic disorders are caused by drug toxicity, hepatitis A, B or C infection, syphilis, Mycobacterium avium, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cytomegalovirus, Bartonella henselae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biliary disorders can result from infection by Cryptosporidia, Mycobacterium avum, Microsporidia, and Cytomegalovirus, while pancreatitis can be due to drug toxicities or opportunistic infections (Marriot & Post, 2009). If an infection has occurred, the likely source of infection must be identified. modes of transmission: the possible ways, such as direct contact, inhalation, vehicle-borne, fecal-oral, and vector-borne, by which the pathogen is spread to one susceptible person to another. A vehicle is a mode of transmission using a non-living thing, in this case either water or food, which carried the bacteria, and led to its inoculation of susceptible individuals, while a vector is an organism, usually an insect such as mosquito, that carries the pathogen that causes the disease. Contact with a vector, like getting a mosquito bite, transmits the microorganism to an individual. If he or she is susceptible, development of disease ensues (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). To identify the most likely mode of transmission and the most plausible cause of the

Tuesday, February 4, 2020

Jean Watson's Caring theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jean Watson's Caring theory - Term Paper Example Nursing theory aims at providing the principles that underpin practice and hence help in generating further nursing knowledge. They therefore help in simplifying the nursing profession because they lay out procedures and guidelines that should be followed by nurses while undertaking their duties and responsibilities (Sitzman & Watson, 2014) . Therefore, there must be an agreement in the professional literature on these nursing theories so that confusion, that has caused many people to dismiss them as irrelevant to practice, may not arise. This confusion must be avoided so that importance of nursing theories in practice is embraced (Watson & Watson, 2012). In this article we are going to look at Jean Watsons Philosophy of Nursing. This is a philosophy of science and caring that assists in the examination of the relatedness of ALL and hence comprises human caring processes, human science, phenomena and experiences (Sitzman & Watson, 2014). The discussion will be divided into four sections: Section one contains an analysis of the importance of nursing theory, in general, to the nursing profession; Section two is a summary of key concepts and relationships among the concepts of the selected nursing theory; Section three presents a discussion of how the selected nursing theory views nursing leadership, nursing education, nursing informatics, or health policy, along with 2 real-life examples illustrating the views; Section four is the conclusion. Firstly, nursing theory helps in predicting, describing, and explaining all the phenomena of nursing. This ensures that the phenomena are well understood especially by the nurses in order for them to carry out their day to day duties and responsibilities effectively (Watson & Watson, 2012). Secondly, the nursing theories should aim at providing the basic foundations of nursing practice. This in turn helps in generating further

Sunday, January 26, 2020

The Reinsurance Expected Loss Cost Formula

The Reinsurance Expected Loss Cost Formula ELCF is the excess loss cost factor (as a percentage of total lost cost). PCP is the primary company/subject premium. PCPLR is the primary company permissible loss ratio (including any loss adjustment expenses covered as a part of loss) RCF is the rate correction factor which is the reinsurers adjustment for the estimated adequacy or inadequacy of the primary rate Given that the coverage of this treaty is per-occurrence, we must also weigh the manual difference rate for the clash exposure. In order to determine the reinsurers excess share the ALAE is added to each claim, and therefore claims from policy limits which are below the attachment point will be introduced into the excess layer. The reinsure may have own data that describe the bi-variate distribution of indemnity and ALAE, or such information can be obtained from ISO or similar organization outside of United States of America. With these data the reinsurer is able to construct the increased limits tables with ALAE added to the loss instead of residing in its entirety in the basic limits coverage. Another more simple alternative is to adjust the manual increased limits factors so that they to account for the addition of the ALAE to the loss. A basic way of doing this is to use the assumption that the ALAE for each and every claim is a deterministic function of indemnity amount for the claim, which means adding exactly ÃŽÂ ³% to each claim value for the range of claim sizes that are near the layer of interest. This ÃŽÂ ³ factor is smaller than the overall ratio of ALAE to ground-up indemnity loss, as much of the total ALAE relates to small claims or claims closed with no indemnity. Assumption: when ALAE is added to loss, every claim with indemnity greater than $300,000 = (1+ ÃŽÂ ³) enters the layer $1,400,000 excess of $600,000, and that the loss amount in the layer reaches $1,400,000 when the ground-up indemnity reaches $2,000,000 = (1+ ÃŽÂ ³). From this the standard increased limits factors can be modified to account for ALAE added to the loss. In this liability context, Formula for RELC can be used with PCP as the basic limit premium and PCPLR can be used as the primary company permissible basic limits loss ratio. Assumption: Given the clash exposure an overall loss loading of ÃŽÂ ´% is sufficient enough to adjust the loss cost for this layer predicted from the stand-alone policies. Then ELCF determines the excess loss in the layer $1,400,000 with excess of $600,000 which arises from each policy limit and plus its contribution to the clash losses as a percentage of the basic limits loss that arise from the same policy limit. The formula for ELCF which is evaluated at limit (Lim) is as follows: Formula : Liability ELCF for ALAE Added to Indemnity Loss ELCF(Lim) = 0 Where Attachment Point AP = $600,000 Reinsurance Limit RLim = $1,400,000 Clash loading ÃŽÂ ´ = 5% Excess ALAE loading ÃŽÂ ³ = 20% The table 2 displays this method for a part of Allstates exposure using the hypothetical increased limits factors to calculate the excess loss cost factors with both ALAE and risk load excluded. Table 2: Excess Loss Cost Factors with ALAE Added to Indemnity Loss at 20% add-on and a Clash Loading of 5% Table : Excess Loss Cost Factors with ALAE Added to Indemnity Loss at 20% add-on and a Clash Loading of 5% (1) Policy Limit in $ (2) ILF w/o risk load and w/o ALAE (3) ELCF 200,000 1.0000 0 500,000 1.2486 0 600,000 1.2942 0.0575 1,000,000 1.4094 0.2026 1,666,666 1.5273 0.3512 2,000,000 or more 1.5687 0.4033 Source: own calculation based on Patrik (2001) Using the Formula 4., the ELCF($600,000) = 1.20*1.05*(1.2942-1.2486) = 0.0575, and ELCF($2,000,000) =1.20*1.05*(1.5687-1.2486) = 0.4033. Assumption1: for this exposure the Allstates permissible basic limit loss ratio is PCPLR = 70%. Assumption2: reinsurers evaluation indicates that the cedants rates and offsets are sufficient and therefore RCF is 1.00. The reinsurer can now calculate the exposure rate RELC and the reinsurers undiscounted estimate of loss cost in the excess layer as can be seen in the table 3. Table 3: Reinsurance Expected Loss Cost (undiscounted) Table : Reinsurance Expected Loss Cost (undiscounted) (1) Policy Limit in $ (2) Estimated Subject Premium Year 2009 in $ (3) Manual ILF (4) Estimated Basic Limit Loss Cost 0.70x(2)/(3) (5) ELCF (6) RELC in $ (4)x(5) Below 600,000 2,000,000 1.10 (avg.) 1272727.27 0 0 600,000 2,000,000 1.35 1,037,037.04 0.0575 59,629.63 1,000,000 2,000,000 1.50 933,333.33 0.2026 189,093.33 2,000,000 or more 4,000,000 1.75 (avg.) 1,600,000.00 0.3512 562,920.00 Total 10,000,000 n.a. 4,843,197.64 n.a. 811,642.96 Source: own calculation based on Patrik (2001) An exposure loss cost can be estimated using probability models of the claim size distributions. This directly gives the reinsurer the claim count and the claim severity information which the reinsurer can use in the simple risk theoretic model for the aggregate loss. Assumption: the indemnity loss distribution underlying Table 2 is Pareto with q =1.1 and b =5,000. Then the simple model of adding the 20% ALAE to the indemnity per-occurrence changes the indemnity of a Pareto distribution to a new Pareto with q =1.1and b=5,000*1.20 = 6,000. The reinsurer has to adjust the layer severity for a clash and this can be done by multiplying with 1+ÃŽÂ ´ =1.05. The reinsurer can therefore calculate from each policy limit the excess expected claim sizes, after dividing the expected claim size by the RELC for each limit the reinsurer obtains the estimates of expected claim count. This is done in Table 4. The expected claim size can be calculated as follows: Firstly the expected excess claim severity over the attachment point d and subject to the reinsurance limit RLim for a policy limit ÃŽÂ » can has to be calculated. This can be done as follows: For ÃŽÂ »= 600,000 For ÃŽÂ »=1,000,000 For ÃŽÂ »=2,000,000 The reinsurer is now able to calculate the expected claim count, the estimation can be seen in the table 4: Table 4: Excess Expected Loss, Claim Severity and Claim Count Table : Excess Expected Loss, Claim Severity and Claim Count Policy Count in $ (2) RELC in $ (3) Expected Claim Size in $ (4) Expected Claim Count (2)/(3) 600,000 59,629.63 113,928 0.523 1,000,000 189,093.33 423,164 0.447 2,000,000 or more 562,920.00 819,557 0.687 Total 811,642.96 1,356,649 1.68 Source: own calculation based on Patrik (2001) The total excess expected claim size for this exposure is $1,356,649. If the independence of claim events across all of the exposures can be assumed, the reinsurer can also obtain total estimates of the overall excess expected occurrence (claim) size and the expected occurrence (claim) count. Now we are going to estimate the experience rating. Step 3: Gather and reconcile primary claims data segregated by major rating class groups. As in the Example of property quota share treaties, the reinsurer needs the claims data separated as the exposure data, and the reinsurer also wants some history of the individual large claims. The reinsurer usually receives information on all claims which are greater than one-half of the proposed attachment point, but it is important to receive as much data as possible. Assumption: a claims review has been performed and the reinsurer received a detailed history for each known claim larger than $100,000 occurring 2000-2010, which were evaluated 12/31/00, 12/31/01à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 12/31/09, and 6/30/10. Step 4: Filter the major catastrophic claims out of the claims data. The reinsurer wants to identify clash claims and the mass tort claims which are significant. By separating out the clash claims, the reinsurer can estimate their size and their frequency and how they relate to the non-clash claims. These statistics should be compared to the values that the reinsurer knows from other cedants and therefore is able to get a better approximation for the ÃŽÂ ´ loading. Step 5: Trend the claims data to the rating period. As with the example for the property-quota share treaties, the trending should be for the inflation and also for other changes in the exposure (e.g. higher policy limits) which may affect the loss potential, but unlike with the proportional coverage, this step cannot be skipped. The reason for this is the leveraged effect which has the inflation upon the excess claims. The constant inflation rate increases the aggregate loss beyond any attachment point and it increases faster than the aggregate loss below, as the claims grow into the excess layer, whereas their value below is stopped at the attachment point. Each ground-up claim value is trended at each evaluation, including ALAE, from year of occurrence to 2011. For example, consider the treatment of a 2003 claim in the table 5. Table 5: Trending an Accident Year 2003 Claim Table : Trending an Accident Year 2003 Claim (1) Evaluation Date (2) Value at Evaluation In $ (3) Trend factor (4) 2011 Level Value in 4 (5) Excess Amount in$ 12/31/03 0 1.62 0 0 12/31/04 0 1.62 0 0 12/31/05 250,000 1.62 405,000 0 12/31/06 250,000 1.62 405,000 0 12/31/07 300,000 1.62 486,000 0 12/31/08 400,000 1.62 648,000 48,000 12/31/09 400,000 1.62 648,000 48,000 06/30/10 400,000 1.62 648,000 48,000 Source: own calculation based on Patrik (2001) The reasoning for a single trend factor in this example is that the trend affects the claim values according to the accident date and not by an evaluation date. The trending of the policy limits is a delicate issue, because if a 2003 claim on a policy which has limit that is less than $500,000 inflates to above $600,000 ( plus ALAE), will be the policy limit that will be sold in the year 2011 greater than $500,000? It seems that over long periods of time, that the policy limits change with inflation. Therefore the reinsurer should over time, if possible, receive information on the Allstates policy limit distributions. Step 6: Develop the claims data to settlement values. The next step is to construct the historical accident year, thus we want to develop the year triangles for each type of a large claim from the data which was produced in column (5) of Table 5. Typically all claims should be combined together by major line of business. Afterwards the loss development factors should be estimated and applied on the excess claims data while using the standard methods. Also in order to check for reasonableness and comparable coverages we want to compare the development patterns that were estimated from Allstates data to our own expectations which have their basis in our own historical data. When considering the claim in Table 5 we see that only $48,000 is over the attachment point, and also only at the fifth development point Table 6: Trended Historical Claims in the Layer $1,400,000 Excess of $600,000 (in $1,000s) Table : Trended Historical Claims in the Layer $1,400,000 Excess of $600,000 (in $1,000s) Assumption: our triangle looks like the Table 6: Acc. Year Age 1 in $ Age 2 in $ Age 3 in $ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Age 9 in $ Age 10 in $ Age 10.5 in $ 2000 0 90 264 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 259 351 351 2001 0 0 154 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 763 798 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2008 77 117 256 2009 0 0 2010 0 ATA 4.336 1.573 1.166 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1,349 n.a. n.a. ATU 15.036 3.547 2.345 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1.401 1.050 = tail Smoothed Lags 11.9% 28.7% 47.7% à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 93.1% 95.3% 96.7% Source: own calculation based on Patrik (2001) Where: ATA is Age-To-Age development factor ATU is Age-To-Ultimate development factor Lag(t) is the percentage of loss reported at time t The selection of the tail factor of 1.05 is based upon the general information about the development for this type of an exposure beyond ten years. By changing to the inverse for the point of view from the age-to-ultimate factors, the time lags of the claim dollar reporting, the loss reporting view is transformed to that of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) whose domain is [0,), this transformation gives a better outlook of the loss development pattern. It also allows considering and measuring the average (expected) lag and some other moments, that are comparable to the moments of loss development patterns from other exposures. Given the chaotic development of excess claims, it is a important to employ smoothing technique. If the smoothed factors are correctly estimated they should more credible loss development estimates which are more credible. They also allow to evaluate the function Lag( ) at every positive time. The smoothing which was introduced in the last row of Table 6 is based on a Gamma distribution with a mean of 4 (years) and a standard deviation of 3. It is also usually useful to analyze the large claim paid data, if possible, both to estimate the patterns of the excess claims payment and also to supplement the ultimate estimates which are based only on the reported claims that were used above. Sometimes the only data available are the data on aggregate excess claims, which would be the historical accident year per development year $1,400,000 excess of $600,000 aggregate loss triangle. Pricing without specific information about the large claims in such a situation, is very risky, but it is occasionally done. Step 7: Estimate the catastrophic loss potential. The mass tort claims such as pollution clean-up claims distort the historical data and therefore need special treatment. As with the property coverage, the analysis of Allstates exposures may allow us to predict some suitable loading for the future mass tort claim potential. As was said in the Step 4, the reinsurer needs to identify the clash claims. With the separation of the clash claims, for each claim, the various parts are then added together to be applied to the occurrence loss amount at the attachment point and at the reinsurance limit. If it is not possible to identify the clash claims, then the estimation of the experience of RELC has to include a clash loading which is based on judgment of the general type of exposure. Step 8: Adjust the historical exposures to the rating period. As in the example on the property quota-share treaties the historical exposure (premium) data has to be adjusted in such a manner that makes the data are reasonably relevant to the rating period, therefore the trending should be for the primary rate, for the underwriting changes and also for other changes in exposure that may affect the loss potential of the treaty.. Step 9: Estimate an experience expected loss cost, PVRELC, and, if desirable, a loss cost rate, PVRELC/PCP. Assumption: we have trended and developed excess losses for all classes of Allstates casualty exposure. The standard practice is to add the pieces up as seen in the table 7. Table 7: Allstate Insurance Company Casualty Business Table : Allstate Insurance Company Casualty Business (1) Accident Year (2) Onlevel PCP in $ (3) Trended and Developed Loss and Excess Loss (estimated RELC) in $ (4) Estimated Cost Rate in % (3)/(2) 2002 171,694 6,714 3.91 2003 175,906 9,288 5.28 2004 178,152 13,522 7.59 2005 185.894 10,820 5.82 2006 188,344 9,134 4.58 2007 191,348 6,658 3.48 2008 197122 8,536 4.33 2009 198,452 12,840 6.47 2010 99,500 2,826 2.84 Total 1,586,412 80,336 5.06 Total w/o 2010 1,486,912 77,510 5.21 Source: own calculation based on Patrik (2001) The average loss cost rate for eight years is 5.21%, where the data from the year 2010 was eliminated as it is too green (undeveloped) and there does not seem to be a particular trend from year to year. Table 7 gives us the experience-based estimate, RELC=PCP =5.21%, but this estimate has to be loaded for the existing mass tort exposure, and also for the clash claims if we had insufficient information on the clash claims in the claims data. Step 10: Estimate a credibility loss cost or loss cost rate from the exposure and experience loss costs or loss cost rates The experience loss cost rate has to be weighed against the exposure loss cost rate that we already calculated. If there is more than one answer with different various answers that cannot be further reconciled, the final answers for the $1.400, 000 excess of $600,000 claim count and for the severity may be based on the credibility balancing of these separate estimates. All the differences should however not be ignored, but should be included in the estimates of the parameter (and model) uncertainty, and therefore providing a rise to a more realistic measures of the variances, etc., and of the risk. Assumption: simple situation, where there are weighed together only the experience loss cost estimate and the exposure loss cost estimate. The six considerations for deciding on how much weight should be given to the exposure loss cost estimate are: The accuracy of the estimate of RCF, the primary rate correction factor, and thus the accuracy of the primary expected loss cost or loss ratio The accuracy of the predicted distribution of subject premium by line of business For excess coverage, the accuracy of the predicted distribution of subject premium by increased limits table for liability, by state for workers compensation, or by type of insured for property, within a line of business For excess coverage, the accuracy of the predicted distribution of subject premium by policy limit within increased limits table for liability, by hazard group for workers compensation, by amount insured for property For excess coverage, the accuracy of the excess loss cost factors for coverage above the attachment point For excess coverage, the degree of potential exposure not contemplated by the excess loss cost factors The credibility of the exposure loss cost estimation decreases if there are problems with any of these six items listed. Also the six considerations from which can be decided how much weight can be given to the experience loss cost estimate are: The accuracy of the estimates of claims cost inflation The accuracy of the estimates of loss development The accuracy of the subject premium on-level factors The stability of the loss cost, or loss cost rate, over time The possibility of changes in the underlying exposure over time For excess coverage, the possibility of changes in the distribution of policy limits over time The credibility of the experience loss cost estimate lessens with problems with any of the six items. Assumption: the credibility loss cost rate is RELC/PCP = 5.75%. For each of the exposure category a loss discount factor is estimated, which is based on the expected loss payment pattern for the exposure in the layer $1,400,000 excess of $600,000, and on a chosen investment yield. Most actuaries support the use of a risk-free yield, such as U.S. Treasuries for U.S. business, for the approximation of the maturity of the average claim payment lag. Discounting is significant only for longer tail business. On a practical base for a bond maturity which is between five to ten years it is better to use a single, constant fixed rate. Assumption: the overall discount factor for the loss cost rate of 5.75% is RDF= 75%, which gives PVRELC/PCP = RDF*RELC/PCP =0.75*5.75%= 4.31%, or PVRELC= 4.31% * $200,000,000 = $8,620,000. The steps 11 and 12 with this example are reversed. Step 12: Specify values for RCR, RIXL, and RTER Assumption: the standard guidelines for this size and type of a contract and this type of an exposure specify RIXL = 5% and RTER = 15%. The reinsurance pure premium RPP can be calculated as RPP = PVRLC/(1-RTER) = $8,620,000/0.85 = $10,141,176 with an expected profit as RPP PVRELC = $10,141,176 $8,620,000 = $1,521,176 for the risk transfer. As the RCR = 0% we can calculate the technical reinsurance premium of RP = RPP/(1-RIXL) = $10,141,176 /0.95 = $10,674,922. This technical premium is therefore above the maximum of $10,000,000 which was specified by the Allstate Insurance Company. If there is nothing wrong with technical calculations, then the reinsurer has two options. The first one is to accept the expected reinsurance premium of $10,000,000 at a rate of 5%, with the expected profit reduced to $10,000,000 $8,620,000 = $1,380,000 Or secondly the reinsurer can propose a variable rate contract, with the reinsurance rate varying due to the reinsurance loss experience, which in this case is a retrospectively rated contract. As the Allstate Insurance Company is asking for a retrospectively rated contract we select the second possibility. To construct a fair and balanced rating plan, the distribution of the reinsurance of an aggregate loss has to be estimated. Now we proceed with step 11. Step 11: Estimate the probability distribution of the aggregate reinsurance loss if desirable, and perhaps other distributions such as for claims payment timing. In this step the Gamma distribution approximation will be used. As our example is lower (excess) claim frequency situation, the standard risk theoretic model for aggregate losses will be used together with the first two moments of the claim count and the claim severity distributions to approximate the distribution of aggregate reinsurance loss. The aggregate loss in the standard model is written as the sum of the individual claims, as follows. Formula : Aggregate Loss L=X1 + X2 +à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦+ XN with L as a random variable (rv) for aggregate loss N as a rv for number of claims (events, occurrences) Xi as rv for the dollar size of the ith claim The N and Xi are referring to the amount of the ith claim and to the excess number of claims. To see how the standard risk theoretic model relates to the distributions of L, N and the Xis see Patrik (2001). We are working with the assumption that the Xis are both identically and independently distributed and also independent of N, further we assume that the kth moment of L is determined completely by the first k moments of N and the Xis. There is following relationships. Formula : First Two Central Moments of the Distribution of Aggregate Loss under the Standard Risk Theoretic Model E[L] = E[N] x E[X] Var[L] = E[N] x E[X2] + (Var[N] E[N]) x E[X]2 Assumption: the E[L] = RELC =5.75%*$200,000,000 = $11,500,000 (undiscounted). We assume simplistically independent and identical distribution of the excess claim sizes and also the independency of the excess claim (occurrence) count. Usually this is a reasonable assumption. For our layer $1,400,000 excess of $600,000, our modeling assumptions and results are shown in the formula below. Formula : Allstate $1,400,000 Excess of $600,000 Aggregate Loss Modeling Assumptions and Results

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Case Study: Active Data Warehousing

1. Describe â€Å"active† data warehousing as it is applied at Continental Airlines. Does Continental apply active or real-time warehousing differently than this concept is normally described? An active data warehousing, or ADW, is a data warehouse implementation that supports near-time or near-real-time decision making. It is featured by event-driven actions that are triggered by a continuous stream of queries that are generated by people or applications regarding an organization or company against a broad, deep granular set of enterprise data.Continental uses active data warehousing to keep track of their company’s daily progress and performance. Continental’s management team holds an operations meeting every morning to discuss how their company is performing in regards to the data collected by their active data warehousing program. The management team believes, â€Å"you can’t manage what you can’t measure,† so they use active data warehou sing to keep track of their customers experience while using Continental Airlines.The information that the management team uses to analyze their company in regards to customer relationship is on-time arrival, on-time departures, baggage handling, and other key performance indicators. Continental also uses active data warehousing for revenue management, revenue accounting, flight operations, fraud detection and airline security. Continental restructured their goals to try to become customers â€Å"favorite† airline to use. They use their active data warehousing to gain as much information about the company’s performance as well as the customers experience.They use this real-time warehousing program to interpret information that is provided and make changes that will better improve their customers experience and help Continental better suit their business in regards to their customers’ needs. 2. In what ways does real-time data warehousing fit with the Continental strategy and plans? Continental Airlines decided to shift their strategy once they went from â€Å"worst to first. † The new goal that they wanted to achieve was making the move from â€Å"first to favorite. Continentals’ new strategy and plan of becoming their customers’ favorite airline could only be achieved by using real-time data warehousing. Continental made plans to become the â€Å"favorite† airline and their strategy involved making business decisions based on information they receive from real-time data warehousing such as: on-time arrival, on-time departures, baggage handling, and other key performance indicators. This information gives the Continental management team the necessary information needed to make corrections or changes in order to better their customers’ experience while using Continental Airlines.Continental’s strategy and plans to become the â€Å"favorite† airline would be much harder to accomplish without real-time data warehousing. They need this information in order to realize what parts of their company need to be tweaked to keep the customer happy. Without real-time data warehousing Continental wouldn’t be able to achieve their goal of moving from â€Å"first to favorite. † 3. Describe the benefits of real-time data warehousing at Continental. Real-time data warehousing has allowed Continental to make significant changes to its business in a variety of ways.According to Continental’s president and COO Larry Kellner, â€Å"Real-time BI is critical to the accomplishment of our business strategy and has created significant business benefits. † There is a wide-range of benefits that Continental has gained from real-time or â€Å"active† data warehouse in the categories of marketing, corporate security, IT, and revenue management. One key benefit in the marketing field is the average increase of travel amongst Continental’s most valuable custo mers, approximately $800 per customer (35,000 customers).A central benefit in is that all employees have the ability to access important facts and information about its customers and the business in its entirety. This in turn allowed Continental to check passenger reservations and flight manifests by cross-referencing with the FBI’s â€Å"watch† list only hours about the 9/11 attacks, deciding if it was safe to fly. Above all, Continental has recognized over $500 million of cost saving and revenue generation (tracking and forecasting, fare designs and analysis, and full reservation analysis) due to the advantages of the business intelligence. . What elements of the data warehousing environment at Continental are necessary to support the extensive end-user business intelligence application development that occurs? There are numerous elements of the data warehousing environment at Continental that are necessary in the support of the extensive end-user BI application deve lopment that takes place. Two important elements that are necessary to discuss are the systems scalability and data security. Since the real-time data warehousing warehouse never gets rid of information, the amount of data increases exponentially over time.Additionally, with the development of BI application, the number of uses will also increase. To deal with the amount of usage and data, the data warehouse at Continental should have scalability which allows the data warehouse to expand the accessible disc space and throughput. The Continental design team took this into account when going through the architecture design of the warehouse. The other element that is important to take care of is data security. Data security is extremely important when a company handles customer information and personal data.Continentals’ warehouse stores all of the customer’s information that can be accessed by other users in order to gain the data that they need. The customers can rest a ssured knowing that their personal information (i. e. social security numbers and credit card numbers) are protected from being opened by any users that are not authorized to view this sensitive information. 5. What special issues about data warehouse management (e. g. , data capture and loading for the data warehouse (ETL processes) and query workload balancing) does this case suggest occur for real-time data warehousing? How has Continental addressed these issues?Real-time data warehousing creates some special issues that need to be solved by data warehouse management. These can create issues because of the extensive technicality that is involved for not only planning the system, but also managing problems as they arise. Two aspects of the BI system that need to be organized in order to elude any technical problems are: the architecture design and query workload balancing. Architecture design is important because when a company is progressively receiving business and different asp ects of the customers’ usage of the company changes the warehouse needs to frequently be updated.Continental planned for the company to use real-time data warehousing so they structured the design to accommodate for the demand of real-time information. The information then became easier to update the warehouse in a timely manner. Query workload balancing is another important aspect of the warehouse that needed to be addressed in order to fulfill Continentals’ need to use the warehouse for tactical and strategic purposes. Continental would run into issues of backed up query processing in their warehouse if query workload balancing wasn’t introduced.The queries would be processed in a â€Å"first in first out† system and would essentially cause backups. Continental resolved this issue by making the warehouse process queries according to the query type. They set up the warehouse to process the specific queries that access single records first and marked them with high priority. Then they prioritized other queries to either be marked with medium priority or low priority depending on what information they are asking for and for what reason it’s needed.Continental’s utilization of using prioritized groupings of queries has led them to be able to process information in a timely manner that is most convenient for the person trying to access this information. (Information regarding the case as well: not sure which one you wanted so I included both) There are two issues that the case study suggests in terms of data management. The first is to recognize that some data cannot and should not be real-time, for three reasons. The first is that Continental knows that real-time data feed are hard to administer because the constant flow of transaction data must always be supervised.The second reason is the need for extra hardware. The last reason Continental is extremely cautious with the movement of additional data is because real-time data feed is extremely costly to bring about. The second issue Continental deals with when it comes to data warehouse management is having the right people in the right positions. Anny individual who handles any aspect of a real-time warehouse must be highly qualified and knowledgeable in both technology and business.According to the case study, â€Å"At Continental, data warehouse staff members in the more technical positions (e. g. , design of ETL processes) have degrees in computer science. Some of them previously built and maintained reservation systems before they joined the warehouse team. Consequently, they have experience with transaction oriented, real-time systems, which serves them well for real-time BI and data warehousing. The warehouse team members who work closely with the business units have previous work experience in the business areas they now support. †

Friday, January 10, 2020

Fearless

â€Å"Fearless† and â€Å"courageous†; two common words that have been used to describe soldiers for centuries. There is, however, a big difference between being courageous and being fearless. Courage is one of the best terms used to describe a soldier: that no matter how hard the circumstances are and how scared he/she is, they keep pressing on. It is truly amazing how courageous these men and women are. Humans were made to fear, it is humanly impossible to be without fear, there is no soldier that is truly â€Å"fearless†.Soldiers at war often put up a front that they are unafraid, the reason they put up this front is to be trusted by fellow soldiers, to fit into society's view of a soldier and to maintain their sanity. The world often perceives fear as a sign of weakness. The word fear is defined as a â€Å"feeling of anxiety or agitation caused by the presence or nearness of danger, evil, or pain. Extreme fear is terror which applies to an overwhelming often paralyzing fear† (Fear†). In the heat of battle, a soldier's senses are heightened to the danger that surrounds him.Any civilian in these circumstances would choose to run and hide or escape, but the soldier has been trained not to selfishly retreat, but to heed orders and advance. He/she may know his/her life is in grave danger, yet for the sake of courage and duty to his/her country he continues on. The courage that a soldier surrounds themself with is the quality of spirit which enables one to face danger or pain without showing fear. If a soldier falters he or she may be dismissed but will certainly not be trusted by his/her fellow soldiers.Each soldier desires trust, loyalty, and respect and each of their lives depend on it. The soldier makes a choice to lay his or her individual fears and emotions aside to be courageous. In the short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried†, by Tim O'Brien, not only were the physical items that they carried described but also the emotional burdens they carried. â€Å"They carried shameful memories. They carried the common secret of cowardice barely restrained, the instinct to run or freeze or hide. They carried their reputations.They carried the soldier's greatest fear, which was the fear of blushing† (O'Brien). Soldiers care about what fellow soldiers think of them. They need to be trusted. The face of fearlessness is formed to avoid being made a coward or being put to shame, and to keep a good reputation. Their fellow soldiers are all they have at war. In general, there is a disconnect between society’s view on war and a soldier’s view on war. Citizens are easily influenced and swayed by different means of communication in society.Society often portrays war and soldiers to be something that they are not: fearless. According to platoon leader, Paul Stanley, â€Å"soldiers realize the cost and effort required to be willing to fight and what it means to be in life or death situations , society thinks they understand but they don't† (Paul Stanley). He said his view is totally different than that of an everyday citizen. Lieutenant Stanley also commented on society’s negative view of soldiers; â€Å"Society believes soldiers are more like weapons instead of people. Sometimes society depicts soldiers in a negative light, as being merciless fighting machines, which is not the case either. Lieutenant Stanley said that his view of his country was better after war; he appreciates life more and is a better person. How society depicts soldiers is what we believe a soldier to be, which often means supernatural beings or war machines. In â€Å"The Things They Carried†, first Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, had gotten sidetracked during battle and because of it one of his men was killed.From then on Jimmy chose to put all thoughts outside of war aside in hopes that it would never occur again. He wouldn't show his emotion towards anything; in other words, he woul d act fearless (O'Brien 232-239). The feelings and emotions are still there, they are just hidden behind a wall, making it easier to keep him and others safe. Soldiers often need to block out any emotion and images to maintain their sanity. A first lieutenant in the Desert Storm War, Paul Stanley said â€Å"especially as an officer, you can't act scared.Everyone looks to you, so you have to be strong for them. † Soldiers have to have confidence in themselves and the team around them and also trust that they received the proper training. They learn to subdue their fear and cope with emotion. A common disorder that soldiers are diagnosed with after war because of their suppression of any emotional burdens is called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder occurs when a person experiences a severe trauma or life threatening event.If soldiers were fearless, they wouldn't be affected by this disorder. Soldiers are heroes, courageous, noble, self-sacri ficing, and brave and so much more, but they are still human, they are not fearless. The aspect of being fearless plays a large role in keeping a soldier alive and sane. Their fearless attitude is the way soldiers are able to fit into society’s view of a soldier, be trusted by their team, and maintain their sanity.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

America s First Narcotics War Essay - 1262 Words

Around the 1900’s the United States was being flooded with multiple feelings, which created an ongoing battle between tension and morals. These conflicts contributed to what is known as the â€Å"noble experiment†, which involved alcoholic products. These continuing conflicts left the population feeling unstable. Instead of dealing with these problems at hand our nation decided to turn to the state for a helping hand. Struggling with a mass immigration increase and the rise to industrialism and capitalism was hard enough on our own, but we also had to somehow stabilize the nation’s social order to prevent further social conflicts. Due to slightly failing on stabilizing our social order our nation’s society decided to campaign against alcohol and start the nation’s first narcotics war. By doing this it was believed that the overall rate of corruption, violence and crime would decrease and solve our social problems. Looking back on history, the way th ings occurred shows that this time it was more than a slight fail. An era for becoming ideally perfect swept across the nation due to religion practices. Around 1820 and 1830 massive changes were taking place. Motions for slavery being abolished were made and even an increase in support for a temperance movement occurred. Massachusetts was one of the first states to pass a law for temperance. This law banned not only the sale of spirits, but they also had size limits as well. Massachusetts temperance law was actually repealed two yearsShow MoreRelatedDrug Usage In America Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Usage in America America has a problem with drugs. In order to understand the problem, we first need to understand what is considered a drug. It is â€Å"any ingestible substance that has a noticeable effect on the mind or body†. (Schmalleger, 2011) Drugs are used for medicinal as well as recreational purposes. 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